Eco-Indicator 99

Eco-Indicator 99 was developed in a top down fashion. The weighting problem was the key problem that was to be solved. Weighting was simplified by:

• Using just three endpoints; this minimizes the mental stress among panelist to take into account too many issues
• Defining these three issues as endpoints that are reasonably easy to understand

The weighting problem has not been solved, but weighting and interpretation of results without weighting has been made easier. Other new ideas in the methods are the consistent management of subjective choices using the concept of cultural perspectives. This has lead to a good documentation of the choices and to the publication of three versions, each with a different set of choices. Other issues are, the introduction of the DALY approach, the introduction of the PAF and PDF approach, as well as the surplus energy approach.

Key Contact: Mark Goedkoop - email: goedkoop@pre.nl